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John Davies Cale (born December 4, 1942) is a Welsh musician, songwriter and record producer. He is best known for his work in rock music (including being a founding member of the Velvet Underground), but he has worked in a variety of styles over the years.

Early life and career

Cale was born in Garnant in the heavily industrial Amman Valley, and Welsh is his first language. Having discovered a talent for piano, he studied music at Goldsmiths College, the University of London, and travelled to the USA to continue his musical training, thanks to the help and influence of Aaron Copland.

Arriving at New York City, he met a number of influential composers. With John Cage and several others, Cale participated in an 18-hour piano-playing marathon that was the first full-length performance of Erik Satie's "Vexations". More significantly, Cale played in La Monte Young's ensemble the Theater of Eternal Music (also known as the Dream Syndicate, which should not be confused with the 1980s band of the same name). The heavily drone-laden music he played there proved to be a big influence in his work with his next group, the Velvet Underground.

The Velvet Underground

In 1965, he joined Lou Reed in the newly-formed Velvet Underground, but left in 1968, due in part to creative disagreements with Reed.

Cale appears on the Velvet Underground's first two albums, The Velvet Underground and Nico and White Light/White Heat. He sings on a few songs, plays viola, bass guitar, piano and organ (particularly on "Sister Ray") and co-wrote some of the material, but perhaps his most distinctive contributions are the electrically amplified viola drones which add greatly to the overall atmosphere of the records.

He is said to have influenced the sound of the early V.U. much more than any other members (and often disagreed with Reed about the direction the group should take). After Cale left the group, he seemed to take the harsher, more experimentalist tendences with him. This is noticeable in the differences between the noise-rock experimental album White Light/White Heat, which Cale was involved in, and the relatively calm album The Velvet Underground released after his departure.

Three albums of his early experimental work were released in 2001. One of his collaborators on these recordings is Velvets' guitarist Sterling Morrison.

Later career

After leaving the Velvet Underground, Cale produced a number of albums, including Nico's The Marble Index and The Stooges' debut, and began to make solo records. His first, Vintage Violence came in 1970, following which he collaborated with yet another classical musician, Terry Riley, on the mainly instrumental Church of Anthrax. Cale also appeared on Nick Drake's second album, Bryter Layter, playing viola and harpsicord on two of the album's tracks. His solo record of 1973, Paris 1919, is regarded by many as a classic. It is made up of elegantly crafted and tastefully arranged songs with arcane and complex lyrics, apparently with underlying political concerns.

Cale also continued to work as a record producer. In 1974, he joined Island Records, and worked in that capacity with Squeeze, Patti Smith, and Sham 69, among others. He produced a number of important protopunk records, including debuts by Patti Smith, The Stooges and The Modern Lovers.

Moving back to the United Kingdom, Cale made a series of solo albums which moved in a new direction. The tasteful elegance of his earlier records was now replaced by a dark and threatening aura, often carrying a sense of barely-suppressed aggression. This era of Cale's music is perhaps best represented by his somewhat disturbing cover of Elvis Presleys' iconic "Heartbreak Hotel", and by his frothing performance on "Leaving It Up To You", a savage indictment of the mass media first released on Helen of Troy (1975), but quickly deleted from later editions of the record due perhaps to the song's pointed Sharon Tate reference. His often loud, abrasive and confrontational live performances fitted well with the nascent punk rock developing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Cale took to wearing a hockey goalie's mask onstage; see the cover of the Guts compilation (1977). It was a very odd and menacing look, utilized several years before the fictional Jason Voorhees first appeared on screen and made the goalie's mask all but synonymous with evil. During one gig he chopped the head off a dead chicken with a meat cleaver, and his band walked offstage in protest. Cale's drummer--a vegetarian--was so bothered he quit the group. Cale mocks his decision on "Chicken Shit" from the Animal Justice EP.

In 1982, Cale released the sparse Music For A New Society. Seeming to blend the refined music of his early solo work with the threatening music that came later, it is by any standard a bleak, harrowing record. It's been called "understated, and perhaps a masterpiece." [1]

Having married Rise Irushalmi and had his daughter Eden Cale, he took a long break from performing, making a comeback in 1989 with vocal and orchetral settings of poems by Dylan Thomas, most notably, "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night", which he performed on stage in the concert held in Cardiff in 1999 to celebrate the opening of the Welsh Assembly.

In 1990, he collaborated with Brian Eno on an album entitled Wrong Way Up. One of the songs, "Lay My Love" was on the Northern Exposure soundtrack More Music From Northern Exposure released in 1994. Cale covered Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" on the 1991 tribute album I'm Your Fan. Cale's cover of "Hallelujah" was used in the 2001 film Shrek, with one line of the lyric ("Maybe there's a God above") edited from the song; however, Rufus Wainwright's performance of the song was included on the film's official soundtrack instead of Cale's. It is however included in the official soundtrack for the TV-series Scrubs.

In 1992, Cale performed vocals on the song "First Evening" on French producer Hector Zazou's album Sahara Blue. All lyrics on the album were based on the poetry of author Arthur Rimbaud. In 1994, Cale performed a spoken word duet with Suzanne Vega on the song "The Long Voyage" on Zazou's album Chansons des mers froides. The lyrics were based on the poem "Silhouettes" by author Oscar Wilde and Cale co-wrote the music with Zazou. It was later released as a single (retitled "The Long Voyages" as it featured several remixes by Zazou, Mad Professor, and more).

Songs for Drella, a tribute to one-time Velvet Underground manager Andy Warhol, saw him reunited with Lou Reed, a collaboration which eventually led to the brief reunion of the Velvet Underground in 1993. Nico, an eponymous tribute to the singer, was released in 1998. Cale has also written a number of film soundtracks, often using more classically influenced instrumentation. Cale's autobiography, What's Welsh for Zen?, was published in 1999.

With 2003's album Hobosapiens John Cale again returned as a regular recording artist, this time with music influenced by modern electronica and alternative rock. This well received album was co-produced with Nick Franglen of Lemon Jelly. That record was again followed with 2005's release BlackAcetate, which consolidated John Cale's reputation as a versatile and tirelessly innovative music auteur.

Discography

With the Dream Syndicate

• Day of Niagara (Table of the Elements) 2000

Early recordings: New York in the 1960s

• Sun Blindness Music (Table of the Elements) 2001
• Dream Interpretation: Inside The Dream Syndicate Vol. II (Table of the Elements) 2001
• Stainless Gamelan: Inside The Dream Syndicate Vol. III (Table of the Elements) 2001

With the Velvet Underground

• The Velvet Underground and Nico (Verve) March 1967
• White Light/White Heat (Verve) January 1968
• VU (Verve, outtakes compilation) February 1985
• Another View (Verve, outtakes compilation) September 1986
• Live MCMXCIII (Sire) November 1993
• Peel Slowly and See (Polydor, box set) September 1995
• Loaded (Fully Loaded Edition) (Rhino Records) 1997†
• The Very Best of the Velvet Underground (Polydor, compilation) April 2003

† Although Cale had left The Velvet Underground two years before they released their 1970 album Loaded, he was briefly involved in the demo stages of that record. The 1997 2CD reissue of that album contains a demo of "Ocean" that is believed to feature Cale playing the organ.

Solo

• Vintage Violence (Columbia) December 1970
• The Academy in Peril (Reprise) April 1972
• Paris 1919 (Reprise) March 1973
• Fear (Island) September 1974
• Slow Dazzle (Island) March 1975
• Helen of Troy (Island) November 1975
• Guts (compilation) (Island) February 1977
• Sabotage/Live (IRS) December 1979
• Honi Soit March 10, 1981
• Music For A New Society (Ze) August 1982
• Caribbean Sunset (Ze) June 1983
• John Cale Comes Alive (Ze) September 1984
• Artificial Intelligence (Beggars Banquet) November 1985
• Words for the Dying (Opal/Warner Bros.) October 1989
• Even Cowgirls Get The Blues (live) (ROIR) 1991
• Paris S'eveille, Suivi d'Autres Compositions (OST) (Crepuscule) November 1991
• Fragments of a Rainy Season (live) (Hannibal) October 1992
• 23 Solo Pieces pour La Naissance de L'Amour (Crepuscule) November 1993
• N'Oublie Pas Que Tu Vas Mourir (Crepuscule) 1994
• Seducing Down The Door (compilation) (Rhino) 1994
• Antartida (OST) (Crepuscule) 1995
• Walking on Locusts (Hannibal) September 1996
• Eat/Kiss: Music for the Films of Andy Warhol (Hannibal) June 1997
• Somewhere In The City (OST) August 1998
• The Unknown (OST) (Crepuscule) 1999
• Le Vent De La Nuit (OST) (Crepuscule) March 1999
• Close Watch: An Introduction to John Cale (compilation) - 1999
• 5 Tracks (EP) (EMI) May 2003
• HoboSapiens (EMI) October 2003
• Process (OST) (Syntax) July 2005
• blackAcetate (EMI) October 2005
• Jumbo In Tha Modern World (cd single) (EMI) July 2006
• Circus Live (live) (EMI) (scheduled for Early 2007)

Collaborations

• Church of Anthrax (with Terry Riley) (Columbia) April 1971
• June 1, 1974 (with Kevin Ayers, Brian Eno, Nico) (Island) 1974
• Songs for Drella (with Lou Reed) (WEA) April 1990
• Wrong Way Up (with Brian Eno) (All Saints) October 1990
• Last Day on Earth (OST, with Bob Neuwirth) (MCA) May 1994
• "First Evening" by Hector Zazou featuring John Cale, from the Hector Zazou album Sahara Blue (La Grande Hall-La Villette/Crammed Discs) 1992
• "The Long Voyages" (single) by Hector Zazou featuring Suzanne Vega & John Cale, from the Hector Zazou album Chansons des mers froides (Sony Music) 1995
• I Wanna Be Around (with Jools Holland's Small World Big Band) (Import) 2001
• Le Bataclan '72 (with Lou Reed & Nico) 2004

Productions

• The Stooges (by The Stooges) (Elektra) 1969
• The Marble Index (by Nico) 1969
• Horses (by Patti Smith) (Arista) 1975
• Squirrel and G-Man Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt Smile (White Out)(by Happy Mondays) 1987
• Louise Féron (by Louise Féron) (Virgin) 1991

External links

• john-cale.com, official website
• UbuWeb: John Cale featuring music from Aspen No. 5+6
• John Cale Interview John Cale Interview
• Essay on Cale in Examinations Archive

Listening

• John Cale on Studio 360 radio program (December 10, 2005)

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